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[1] Quote direct from author and cannot be found in the text of the Article.
[2] The definition of miscarriage varies amongst countries and international organisations, based on different gestational ages of the foetus, whether pregnancy was confirmed by a urine test (for β-human chorionic gonadotropin) or by ultrasound scan, and, for recurrent miscarriage, if the pregnancy losses are consecutive or if the woman has livebirths in between miscarriages.
[3] Miscarriage management options are either expectant (ie, without medical intervention), medical (misoprostol, with or without mifepristone), or surgical (suction aspiration, or suction aspiration plus cervical preparation).
[4] The essential investigations include measurements of lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, thyroid function, and a transvaginal pelvic ultrasound scan. Chromosome analysis of pregnancy tissue can be done for explanatory purposes. Selected women can benefit from parental karyotyping.
The key treatments to consider are first trimester progesterone administration, levothyroxine in women with subclinical hypothyroidism, and the combination of aspirin and heparin in women with antiphospholipid antibodies. They note that the evidence for these treatments is of moderate and low quality, and there is no high-quality evidence for any treatments to prevent recurrent miscarriage.
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